四级考试作文写作常识(3)
文章出处： 发布时间：2006-07-09
列举的模式通常是
主题句----example 1
----example 2
----example 3
列举时常用for example, for instance, such as, like, as proof, thus, take…as an example, to illustrate 等词语.
Nonverbal communication, or "body language." is communication by facial expressions, head or eye movements, hand signals, and body postures. It can be just as important to understanding as words are. Misunderstandings often amusing but sometimes serious-can arise between people from different culture if they misinterpret nonverbal signals. Take for example, the differences in meaning of gesture very common in the United States: a circle made with the thumb and index finger. To an American, it means that everything is ok. To a Japanese, it means that you are talking about money. In France," it means that something is worthless, and in Greece, it is an obscene gesture. Therefore, an American could unknowingly offend a Greek by using that particular hand signal.
2. 分类法
一般是在主题句之后，依次罗列段落指示词所表达的几个部分或几个方面。然后，选用丰富的事例对所罗列的各个部分或各个方面进行具体地说明或解释。
There are three basic kinds of materials that can" be found in any good library. First, there are books on all subjects, both in English and in many other languages. These books are organized according to subject, title, and author in a central file caned the card catalog. Books can generally be checked out of the library and taken home for a period of two to four weeks. Second, there are reference works. which include encyclopedias, dictionaries, bibliography, atlases, etc., and which generally must be used in the library itself. Third, there are periodicals- magazines, newspapers, pamphlets-which are flied alphabetically in racks, or which have been filmed to conserve space. Like reference works, periodicals cannot usually be removed from the library.
分类时常用：most of all， next，moreover， in addition，besides，furthermore，to begin with，to start with，first of all，first，second，third…
3. 因果关系
在段落一开头，就用主题句点明其因果关系，然后选用有关材料，客观的罗列某些原因或结果，以证阐述的中心 思想 。
Growing numbers of well-to-do Americans are making the decision to move abroad. They find it impossible in America to walk the streets at night without fear of being raped, mugged, or murdered, nor do they see a way to escape the poisonous air of the cities. They maintain that even American food has become increasingly dangerous to eat. Last but not least, they insist that they are sick of the pace of American life, a pace that leaves no time for relaxation or pleasure.
因果关系常用语汇: because of, so, owing to, thanks to, thus, as a result of, hence, for this reason, consequently, is caused by, lead to, result in
4．比较法
主题句必须明确表明所要比较的对象和所要比较的范围，实际上就是罗列两个或两个以上比较对象的相同点。
Learning English is like building a house. Laying a solid foundation is the first and most important step. In other words, you should reads, you should read and speak English every day. Memorizing new words and phrases is also helpful. Like building a house, learning English takes some time. So don’t be impatient. Remember, Rome wasn’t built in a day.
常用语汇：at the same time, similar to, accordingly, both, show a degree of similarity, similarly, lie and so , the same as, and… too, in the same way, in a like manner
5．举例法
列举事实或举出实例来说明中心思想, 是简单易行、具有说服力的写作方法。
Communicating with other people by telephone is very convenient, especially when you have something urgent. For example, if one of your family members is seriously ill at right, and you don’t know how to deal with it and where to find a doctor, what can you do? A telephone is the answer. Dial 120 and you will get services from the hospital very soon.
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