如何获取文章的中心思想(1)
文章出处： 发布时间：2006-07-09
阅读的首要目的是看懂文章的主旨大意，阅读测试自然也以此作为检验学生阅读能力的主要标准，辨别文章的中心 思想 也就成了一种很重要的阅读技巧，这一技巧同样在提高阅读能力和阅读速度中起着至关重要的作用。但如何获取文章的中心思想呢？本文就以段落（构成篇章的基本组成单位）为例，来探讨一下如何获取文章的中心思想。
一、如何获取段落的中心思想
要了解段落的中心思想，可以问自己如下几个问题：
1．What is the topic？（Whom or what is the paragraph about？）
2．What does the author want me to know about the topic？
3．What general statement expresses what the author wants me to know about the topic？（The main idea is found in the topic sentence．）
［例1］
People have different tastes in food．Some feel that they haven’t eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat．Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal．Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of clam chowder， spaghetti，eggplant，and fresh fruit．Others could live on what are called fast foods：a hamburger or hot dog，French fries，and a soft drink．
1．The topic is：Tastes in Food．
2．The author wants you to know that peoplehave different tastes in food．
3．The first sentence is the one that expresses what the author wants you to know about the topic．This is the topic sentence expressing the main idea of the paragraph．
不难看出，获取段落大意的最主要途径是判断主题句。主题句常常是一个完整的句子，它简洁明了，具有概括性，而段落中的其他句子则是对该主题句所表述的主题思想进行解释、支撑或扩展。
二、主题句在段落中的位置
1．位于段首的主题句
在有主题句的段落中，大多数情况下主题句是位于段首的，或第一句，或第二句。用演绎法撰写的段落常遵照这种先概述后分述的写作程序，它常能给人清晰明了之感，使人马上就可以明白选文所讲的是什么，即文之主题。（见上［例1］）
2．位于收段的主题句
位于收段的主题句也叫结尾句，这种段落的写作程序是表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后。通常用归纳法撰写的段落大多如此。
［例2］
In 1959，Brazil lost the World Cup of soccer to Uruguay in Rio de Janeiro．The entire country was overcome by sadness；some people even died from it．Brazilians reacted very strongly to the defeatin the championship soccer game．
Some people had heart attacks，and others beat their heads against cement post．Brazilians are very emotional about soccer．
［分析］
本段描述了巴西人对足球比赛失利的反应，如：整个国家沮丧；有人甚至因球赛失利而死；有的人患了心脏病；有的人以头撞击水泥柱等。最后的概括是“巴西人对足球的感情是很脆弱的”。
3．位于段中的主题句
出现在段中的主题句有两种情况，或先提出问题，然后给予回答（主题句），再给予解释；或先引入主题，然后点出主题思想（主题句），最后给予解释。
一、如何获取段落的中心思想
要了解段落的中心思想，可以问自己如下几个问题：
1．What is the topic？（Whom or what is the paragraph about？）
2．What does the author want me to know about the topic？
3．What general statement expresses what the author wants me to know about the topic？（The main idea is found in the topic sentence．）
［例1］
People have different tastes in food．Some feel that they haven’t eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat．Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal．Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of clam chowder， spaghetti，eggplant，and fresh fruit．Others could live on what are called fast foods：a hamburger or hot dog，French fries，and a soft drink．
1．The topic is：Tastes in Food．
2．The author wants you to know that peoplehave different tastes in food．
3．The first sentence is the one that expresses what the author wants you to know about the topic．This is the topic sentence expressing the main idea of the paragraph．
不难看出，获取段落大意的最主要途径是判断主题句。主题句常常是一个完整的句子，它简洁明了，具有概括性，而段落中的其他句子则是对该主题句所表述的主题思想进行解释、支撑或扩展。
二、主题句在段落中的位置
1．位于段首的主题句
在有主题句的段落中，大多数情况下主题句是位于段首的，或第一句，或第二句。用演绎法撰写的段落常遵照这种先概述后分述的写作程序，它常能给人清晰明了之感，使人马上就可以明白选文所讲的是什么，即文之主题。（见上［例1］）
2．位于收段的主题句
位于收段的主题句也叫结尾句，这种段落的写作程序是表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后。通常用归纳法撰写的段落大多如此。
［例2］
In 1959，Brazil lost the World Cup of soccer to Uruguay in Rio de Janeiro．The entire country was overcome by sadness；some people even died from it．Brazilians reacted very strongly to the defeatin the championship soccer game．
Some people had heart attacks，and others beat their heads against cement post．Brazilians are very emotional about soccer．
［分析］
本段描述了巴西人对足球比赛失利的反应，如：整个国家沮丧；有人甚至因球赛失利而死；有的人患了心脏病；有的人以头撞击水泥柱等。最后的概括是“巴西人对足球的感情是很脆弱的”。
3．位于段中的主题句
出现在段中的主题句有两种情况，或先提出问题，然后给予回答（主题句），再给予解释；或先引入主题，然后点出主题思想（主题句），最后给予解释。
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