六级阅读文章的段落结构(1)
文章出处： 发布时间：2006-07-09
一般来说，每一类文体或每一位作者都遵循着大体一致的组织原则。了解这些原则就可以加深对文章的理解和加快阅读速度。而文章是由段落组成的，因此，理解文章应从理解每一段的段落结构开始。因为六级阅读的篇章不长，因此理解段落的结构对做六级阅读有很大的作用，可以快速地找到中心 思想 和具体的事实与细节。一般有以下几种结构：
一、时间顺序
事件的发生、发展过程都是有时间的。在头脑中有了一个明确的时间顺序，也就是事件的连续性，有助于快速地理解和抓住中心思想。例如：
A small, hand - propelled German submarine , the Brand-taucher, sank in 1851 in sixty feet of water , with her captain ,Wilhelm Bauer, and two crew members aboard. Her hull immediately began to collapse under the pressure of the sea. CaptainBauer , who had built the tiny craft, knew that if he could keep his two companions from panicking while allowing the water to rise steadily inside her , the interior and exterior pressure would equalize and they would be able to open the hatch and got out. They did.
二、地点顺序
一切事件的发生、发展过程都有不同的地点，把这些地点联系起来，同样有助于快速地抓住中心思想，找到具体的事实与细节。
三、事件的重要性的顺序
有些段落的细节构成常常是次要的放在前面，重要的放在最后。了解重要性的先后次序同样有助于我们快速地找到并抓住中心思想。
四、对比法
文章中为了描述一种不熟悉的事物或观念，常常把它们与我们所熟悉的事物或观念想对比，或者把过去的事物与现在的事物相对比。如果熟悉作者的这种笔法，有助于使我们快速地捕捉到中心意思和具体细节。下面的例子中，有三个方面进行了比较：
While there are many differences between high school and college , I’d have to say that the most important ones all involve freedom. Everyone has to attend high school , at least until tenth grade , so very often you find classes where the students aren’t serious about learning. College is exactly the opposite. People are there voluntarily because they want to learn and improve themselves. As a result college students are much more serious and interested. Another major difference is that colleges don’ t enforce arbitrary rules. In high school you need a pass to be in the hallway during class, and you can’ t leave a classroom without permission. On the other hand , college students can go where they please.
五、因果关系
在说明文或议论文中，事物的因果关系常被用来作为展开段落的方法。先讲原因，后给结果或者是先给结果，后讲原因。还有一些段落在原因显而易见的情况下可以只集中说明结果；相反，还有一些段落则只涉及原因，例如：
My grandfather’s farm has become much easier to manage in recent years. His prize Holstein cows , for example , are now milked by automatic pumps rather than by hand. Also , the eggs his hens lay are hatched in incubators instead of by the hens themselves. The temperature and humidity in the hen houses are controlled by thermostats, not by Nature’ s whim; and the amount of food his chickens get each day is determined by a computer rather than by a farmhand’s estimates. All that is left for grandfather to go , he jokes, is to sit back and pay the huge electric bills.
一、时间顺序
事件的发生、发展过程都是有时间的。在头脑中有了一个明确的时间顺序，也就是事件的连续性，有助于快速地理解和抓住中心思想。例如：
A small, hand - propelled German submarine , the Brand-taucher, sank in 1851 in sixty feet of water , with her captain ,Wilhelm Bauer, and two crew members aboard. Her hull immediately began to collapse under the pressure of the sea. CaptainBauer , who had built the tiny craft, knew that if he could keep his two companions from panicking while allowing the water to rise steadily inside her , the interior and exterior pressure would equalize and they would be able to open the hatch and got out. They did.
二、地点顺序
一切事件的发生、发展过程都有不同的地点，把这些地点联系起来，同样有助于快速地抓住中心思想，找到具体的事实与细节。
三、事件的重要性的顺序
有些段落的细节构成常常是次要的放在前面，重要的放在最后。了解重要性的先后次序同样有助于我们快速地找到并抓住中心思想。
四、对比法
文章中为了描述一种不熟悉的事物或观念，常常把它们与我们所熟悉的事物或观念想对比，或者把过去的事物与现在的事物相对比。如果熟悉作者的这种笔法，有助于使我们快速地捕捉到中心意思和具体细节。下面的例子中，有三个方面进行了比较：
While there are many differences between high school and college , I’d have to say that the most important ones all involve freedom. Everyone has to attend high school , at least until tenth grade , so very often you find classes where the students aren’t serious about learning. College is exactly the opposite. People are there voluntarily because they want to learn and improve themselves. As a result college students are much more serious and interested. Another major difference is that colleges don’ t enforce arbitrary rules. In high school you need a pass to be in the hallway during class, and you can’ t leave a classroom without permission. On the other hand , college students can go where they please.
五、因果关系
在说明文或议论文中，事物的因果关系常被用来作为展开段落的方法。先讲原因，后给结果或者是先给结果，后讲原因。还有一些段落在原因显而易见的情况下可以只集中说明结果；相反，还有一些段落则只涉及原因，例如：
My grandfather’s farm has become much easier to manage in recent years. His prize Holstein cows , for example , are now milked by automatic pumps rather than by hand. Also , the eggs his hens lay are hatched in incubators instead of by the hens themselves. The temperature and humidity in the hen houses are controlled by thermostats, not by Nature’ s whim; and the amount of food his chickens get each day is determined by a computer rather than by a farmhand’s estimates. All that is left for grandfather to go , he jokes, is to sit back and pay the huge electric bills.
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