Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the sociologist's argument?

(A) The welfare state will not work.

(B) The welfare state unfairly asks those who work hard to help those in greater need.

(C) The assumption that human beings are unselfish is false.

(D) The interests of the less fortunate impinge on the interests of others.

(E) The welfare state relies on the generosity of wage earners.

9. Early pencil leads were made of solid graphite mined in Cumberland, in Britain. Modern methods of manufacturing pencil leads from powdered graphite are the result of research sponsored by the government of France in the 1790s, when France was at war with Britain and thus had no access to Cumberland graphite.

The information above most strongly supports which one of the following?

(A) The world's only deposit of graphite suitable for manufacture of pencils is in Cumberland, in Britain.

(B) In the 1790s, France's government did not know of any accessible source of solid graphite appropriate to meet France's need for pencils.

(C) One of the causes of war between France and Britain in the 1790s, was the British government's attempt to limit the amount of Cumberland graphite being exported to France.

(D) Government-sponsored research frequently gives rise to inventions that are of great benefit to society.

(E) Even today, all pencil leads contain Cumberland graphite.

Questions 10-11

Commercial passenger airplanes can be equipped with a collision-avoidance radar system that provide with information about the proximity of other airplanes. Because the system warns pilots to take evasive action when it indicates a possible collision, passengers are safer on airplanes equipped with the system than on comparable airplanes not so equipped, even though the system frequently warms pilots to evade phantom airplanes.

10. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Passengers feel no safer on airplanes equipped with the radar system than on comparable airplanes not so equipped.

(B) Warnings given by a collision-avoidance system about phantom airplanes are not caused by distorted radar signals.

(C) The frequency of invalid warnings will not cause pilots routinely to disregard the system's warnings.

(D) Commercial passengers airplanes are not the only planes that can be equipped with collision-avoidance system.

(E) The greatest safety risk for passengers traveling on commercial passenger airplanes is that of a midair collision.

11. Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

(A) Evasive action taken in response to the system's warning poses no risk to the passengers.

(B) Commercial passenger airplanes are in greater danger of colliding with other airplanes while on the ground than they are while on flight.

(C) Commercial passenger airplanes are rarely involved in collisions while in flight.

(D) A study by ground-based air traffic controllers found than 63 percent of the warnings by the system were invalid.

(E) The collision-avoidance radar system is run by a computerized device on the plane that scans the sky and calculates the distances between planes.

12. The higher the average fat intake among the residents of a country, the higher the incidence of cancer in that country; the lower the average fat intake, the lower the incidence of cancer. So individuals who want to reduce their risk of cancer should reduce their fat intake.

Which one of the following, if true, most weaken the argument?

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