Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the order in which the tasks were performed was not significant for the beginning readers?

(A) Because several words were used more than once in the paragraph but only once in the list, the list, the list was shorter than the paragraph.

(B) In reading the paragraph, the more experienced readers were better at using context to guess at difficult words than were the beginning readers.

(C) The more experienced readers sounded out difficult words, while the beginning readers relied solely on context to guess at difficult words.

(D) Both tasks used the same words, so that the words the children read in whichever task was performed first would be recognized in the second task.

(E) The beginning readers made more pronunciation errors than the more experienced readers did in reading both the paragraph and the list.

19. Anthropologist: Violence is an extreme form of aggression, and is distinct from the self-expression sufficient for survival under normal conditions. Human beings in certain situations react to unpleasant stimuli with violence--but only because they are conditioned by their culture to react in this manner.

Each of the following can be logically inferred from the anthropologist's statements EXCEPT:

(A) Not all aggression is violent.

(B) The self-expression required for survival is generally nonaggressive.

(C) Some behaviors are influenced by the cultures in which human beings live.

(D) In normal circumstance, human beings can survive by responding nonviolently.

(E) Violent behavior is a product of one's cultural environment.

20 Martha's friend, who is very knowledgeable about edible flowers, told Martha that there are no edible daisies, at least not any that are palatable. Martha, however, reasons that since there are daisies that are a kind of chrysanthemum and since there are edible chrysanthemums that are quite palatable, what here friend told her friend told here must be incorrect.

Which one of the following has a flawed pattern of reasoning most like that in Martha's reasoning?

(A) Jeanne is a member of the city chorus, and the city chorus is renowned. So Jeanne is an excellent singer.

(B) Rolfe belongs to the library reading group, and all members of that group are avid readers. So Rolfe is an avid reader.

(C) Some of Noriko's sisters are on the debate team, and some members of the debate team are poor students. So at least one of Noriko's sisters must be a poor student.

(D) Most of Leo's friends are good swimmers, and quite strong. So it is likely that at least some of Leon's friends are quite strong.

(E) Many of Teresa's colleagues have written books. Most of the books they have written are on good writing. So some of Teresa's colleagues are good writers.

21. Attorney for Ziegler: My client continued to do consulting word between the time of his arrest for attempted murder and the start of this trial. But I contend that Ziegler was insane at the time that he fired the shot. This is the only reasonable conclusion to draw from the fact that the accusers have submitted no evidence that he was sane at the time he pulled the trigger, only that the was sane some time after he did so.

Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning of Ziegler's attorney?

(A) It presumes that being a well-educated professional is relevant to being guilty or innocent.

(B) It concludes on the basis of evidence against Ziegler's being sane that there is a lack of evidence for Ziegler's being sane.

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