SECTION IV

Time-35 minutes

26 Questions

Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

1. Three-year-old Sara and her playmate Michael are both ill and have the same symptoms. Since they play together every afternoon. Sara probably has the same illness as Michael does. Since Michael definitely does not have a streptococcal infection, despite his having some symptoms of one, the illness that Sara has is definitely not a streptococcal infection either.

The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument

(A) presuppose what it sets out to prove

(B) mistakes the cause of a particular phenomenon for the effect of that phenomenon

(C) fails to distinguish between acute streptococcal infections on the one hand, and less severe streptococcal infections on the other.

(D) treats evidence that the conclusion is probably true as if that evidence establishes the certainty of the conclusion

(E) makes a general claim based on particular examples that so not adequately represent the respective groups that they are each intended to represent

2. Lambert: The proposal to raise gasoline taxes to support mass transit networks is unfair. Why should drivers who will never use train or bus lines be forced to pay for them?

Keziah: You have misunderstood. The government has always spent far more, per user, from general revenue sources to fund highways than to fund mass transit, the additional revenue from the gasoline tax will simply allow the government to make its distribution of transportation funds more equitable.

Keziah uses which one of the following argumentative strategies in replying to Lambert?

(A) elaborating the context of the issue in order to place the proposal in a more favorable light

(B) appealing the principle that what benefits society as a whole benefits all individual within that society

(C) challenging the presupposition that fairness is an appropriate criterion on which to judge the matter

(D) demonstrating that the proposed tax increase will not result in increased expenses for drivers

(E) declining to argue a point with someone who is poorly informed on the matter under discussion.

3. The number of calories in a gram of refined cane sugar is the same as in an equal amount of fructose, the natural sugar found in fruits and vegetables. Therefore, a piece of candy made with a give amount of refined cane sugar is no higher in calories than a pieced of fruit that contains an equal amount of fructose.

The reasoning in the arguments is flawed because the argument

(A) Fails to consider the possibility that fruit might contain noncaloric nutrients that candy does not contain

(B) Presupposes that all candy is made with similar amounts of sugar

(C) Confuses on kind of sugar with another.

(D) Presupposes what it sets out to establish, that fruit does not differ from sugar-based candy in the number of calories each contains

(E) Overlooks the possibility that sugar might not be the only calorie-containing ingredient in candy or fruit.

4. In order to increase production, ABC Company should implement a flextime schedule, which would allow individual employees some flexibility in deciding when to begin and end their workday. Studies have shown that working under flextime schedules is associated with increased employee morale.

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