(E) caffeine-producing plants or their ancestors have at some time been subject to being ted upon by creatures sensitive to caffeine
　
　15. The only plants in the garden were tulips but they were tall tulips So the only plants in the garden were tall plants
　　
　Which one of the following exhibits faulty reasoning most similar to the faulty reasoning in the argument above?

　(A) The only dogs in the show were poodles and they were all black poodles. So all the dogs in the show were black.
　(B) All the buildings on the block were tall. The only buildings on the block were office buildings and residential towers. So all the office buildings on the block were tall buildings
　(C) All the primates in the zoo were gorillas. The only gorillas in the zoo were small gorillas. Thus the only primates in the zoo were small primates
　(D) The only fruit in the kitchen was pears but the pears were not ripe.Thus none of the fruit in the kitchen was ripe
　(E) All the grand pianos here are large. All the grand pianos here are heavy Thus everything large is heavy
　　
　16. Scientific research will be properly channeled whenever those who decide which research to fund give due weight to the scientific merits of all proposed resaearch. But when government agencies control these funding decisions, political considerations play a major role in determining which research will be funded, and whenever political considerations play such a role the inevitable result is that scientific research is not properly channeled.

　Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the statements above?

　(A) There is no proper role for political considerations to play in determining who will decide which scientifie research to fund.
　(B) It is inevitable that considerations of scientific merit will be neglected in decisions regarding the funding of scientific research.
　(C) Giving political considerations a major role in determining which scientific research to fund is incompatible with giving proper weight to the scientific merits of proposed research.
　(D) When scientific research is not properly channeled governments tend to step in and take control of the process of choosing which research to fund
　(E) If a government does not control investment in basic scientific 　　　research political consideration will inevitably be neglected in deciding which research to fund
　
　17. A new sllencing device for domestic appliances operates by producing sound waves that cancel out the sound waves produced by the appliance. The device unlike conventional silencers actively eliminates the noise the appliance makes and for that reason vacuum cleaners designed to incorporate the new device will operate with much lower electricity consumption than conventional vacuum cleaners

　Which one of the following if true most helps to explain why the new silencing device will make lower electricity consumption possible
　
　(A) Designers of vacuum cleaner motors typically nave to compromise the motors' efficiency in order to reduce noise production
　(B) The device runson electricity drawn from the appliance's main power supply
　(C) Conventional vacuum clcaners often use spinning brushes to loosen dirt in addition to using suction to remove dirt
　(D) Governmental standards for such domestic appliances as vacuum cleaners allow higher electricity consumption when vacuum cleaners are quieter
　(E) The need to incorporate silencers in conventional vacuum cleaners makes them neavier and less mobile than they might otherwise be

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