(D) Mice have colonized and island near Antarctica which is too bleak and harsh to support human life.

(E) A significant percentage of the world's mouse population lives in urban areas

7. all zebras have stripes, and the most widespread subspecies has the best-defined stripes. The stripes must therefore be of importance to the species. Since among these grassland grazers the stripes can hardly function as camouflage, they must serve as some sort of signal for other zebras.

Which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the conclusion regarding a signaling function?

(A) The subspecies of zebras with the best-defined strips is also characterized by exceptional size and vigor.

(B) In certain tall grasses zebras can be harder to spot than grazing animals with a coat of uniform color.

(C) A visual signal transmitted among the members of a species can consist of a temporary change of color perceptible to other members of the species.

(D) Zebras react much faster to moving shapes that have stripes than they do to moving shapes that are otherwise identical but lack stripes

(E) Zebras have a richer repertoire of vocal signals than do similar species such as horses.

8. Some years ago, an editorial defended Unite States government restrictions on academic freedom, arguing that scientists who receive public funding cannot rightly "detach themselves from the government's policies on national security" Yet the same editorial criticized the Soviet government for not allowing scientists to "detach themselves from politics" If there is a significant difference between the principles involved in each case, the editorial should have explained what that difference is.

The author of the passage criticizes the editorial by

(A) disputing certain factual claims made in the editorial

(B) pointing out an apparent inconsistency in the editorial

(C) describing an alleged exception to a general claim made in the editorial

(D) refuting an assumption on which the argument of the editorial appears to have been based

(E) drawing conclusions form the editorial different form the conclusion drawn by the writer of the editorial

9. Ph.D. programs are valuable only if they inculcate good scholarship and expedite the student's full participation in the field. Hence, doctoral dissertations should not be required in the humanities. Undertaking a quality book-length dissertation demands an accumulation of knowledge virtually impossible for those relatively new to their disciplines. The student consequently either seeks to compensate for poor quality with quantity or ends up spending years producing a work of quality. Either way, the dissertation is counterproductive and frustrates the appropriate goals of the doctoral program.

The claim that doctoral dissertations should not be required in the humanities play which one of the following roles in the argument?

(A) It provides essential support for the conclusion.

(B) It is an example illustrative of a general principle concerning the goals of Ph.D. programs.

(C) It is what the argument is attempting to establish.

(D) It provides evidence for the assumption that requirements for degrees in other disciplines.

(E) It confirms the observation that the requirement for a dissertation can frustrate the goals of a doctoral program.

10. The government of Penglai, an isolated island, proposed eliminating outdoor adverting except for small signs of standard shape that identify places of business. Some island merchants protested that the law would reduce the overall volume of business in Penglai, pointing to a report done by the government indicating that in every industry the Penglai businesses that used outdoor advertising had a larger market share than those that did not.

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