Which one of the following describes an error of reasoning in the merchants' argument?

(A) presupposing that there are no good reasons for restricting the use of outdoor advertising in Penglai.

(B) Assuming without giving justification that the outdoor advertising increased market share by some means other than by diverting trader form competing businesses.

(C) Ignoring the question of whether the government's survey of the island could be objective.

(D) Failing to establish whether the market-share advantage enjoyed by businesses employing outdoor advertising was precisely.

(E) Disregarding the possibility that the government's proposed restrictions are unconstitutional.

11. Unless they are used as strictly temporary measures, rent-control ordinances ( municipal regulations placing limits on rent increases) have several negative effects for renters. One of these is that the controls will bring about a shortage of rental units. This disadvantage for renters occurs over the long run, but the advantage --smaller rent increases--occurs immediately. In many municipalities, specifically in all those where tenants of rent-control units have a secure hold on political power and can get rent-control ordinances enacted or repealed, it is invariably the desire for short --term gain that guides those tenants in the exercise of that power.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following can be properly inferred form them?

(A) It is impossible for landlords to raise rents when rent controls are in effect.

(B) In many municipalities rent-control ordinances are repealed as soon as shortages of rental unites arise.

(C) The only negative effect of tent control for renters is that it brings about a shortage of rental units.

(D) In many municipalities there is now, or eventually will be, a shortage of rental units.

(E) In the long term, a shortage of rental units will raise rents substantially.

Questions 12-13

In many languages other than English there is a word for "mother's brother" which is different from the word for "father's brother." Whereas English uses the word "uncle" for both. Thus, speakers of these languages evidence a more finely discriminated kinship system than English speakers do. The number of basic words for colors also caries widely from language to language. Therefore. Speakers of languages that have fewer basic words for colors than English has must be perceptually unable to distinguish as many colors as speakers of English can distinguish.

12. which one of the following, if true, undermines the conclusion concerning words for colors?

(A) Speakers of English are able to distinguish between lighter and darker shades of the color they call "blue" for which Russian has two different basic words.

(B) Almost every language distinguishes red from the other colors.

(C) Khmer uses a basic word corresponding to English "blue" for most leaves, but uses its basic word corresponding to English "green" for unripe bananas.

(D) The word "orange" in English has the same origin as the equivalent word in Spanish.

(E) Most languages do not have a basic word that distinguishes gray from other colors, although gray is commonly found in nature.

13. The conclusion concerning words for colors would be properly draw if which one of the following were assumed?

(A) Most languages have distinct words for "sister" and "brother."

(B) Each language has a different basic word for each sensory quality that its speakers can perceptually distinguish.

(C) Every language makes some category distinctions that no other language makes.

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