12. Each of the following can be inferred from Chris's argument EXCEPT

(A) All convicted murderers will be deterred from killing again if given life sentences.

(B) Any convicted murderer could undergo a miraculous rehabilitation.

(C) The Bird Man of Alcatraz is an example of miraculous rehabilitation.

(D) The threat of life imprisonment is adequate to deter potential murderers.

(E) Becoming an acknowledged authority on canaries is evidence of one person's rehabilitation.

13. Dana most seriously weakens Chris's argument by doing which one of the following?

(A) making a personal attack on the Bird Man of Alcatraz

(B) giving a counterexample to the principle offered by Chris that life imprisonment is from killing again.

(C) Showing that it is unlikely that any convicted murderer could undergo a significant rehabilitation

(D) Suggesting that Chris's argument is based on an atypical case

(E) Demonstrating that it is impossible to prevent a convicted murderer from committing another murder while in prison.

14. Common patterns of fallacious reasoning are endemic to everyday life and once adopted cannot be corrected. Poor reasoning skills waste public and private money, make people less efficient and productive, and diminish our national capacity to compete abroad. But within the past few years, a "thinking skills" movement has arisen. The teaching of reasoning skills is part of this larger movement to make students think more critically. Increasingly, as part of the teaching of decision-making, college students are successfully learning to avoid common patterns of fallacious reasoning that they habitually commit, and, in the process, to acquire sound reasoning skills.

Which one of the following identifies the most serious logical flaw that this passage contains?

(A) The passage fails to establish a connection between the teaching of decision-making and the teaching of reasoning skills.

(B) The passage contradicts itself by both affirming and denying that patterns of fallacious reasoning can be corrected.

(C) The passage uses circular reasoning by first stating that patterns of fallacious reasoning diminish our capacious reasoning diminish our capacity for competition and then asserting that lack of competition leads to a lessening of skills.

(D) The passage makes an unwarranted inference from improving thinking skills to teaching reasoning skills.

(E) The passage fails to link the teaching of decision-making to the larger movement to make students think more critically.

Questions 15-16

Our society overestimates the contributions of science to the quest for knowledge. Independent of whether great strides have been made in the ability to predict natural events, knowledge at any deeper level, knowledge of things we cannot experience directly, is as illusory as ever. Such knowledge is illusory because incompatible theories may always be postulated to explain observations. How can we "know" which one is correct? Further observations may narrow the possibilities, but there are always alternatives, at least in principle. Who is to say that today's theories will fare any better than those which, though once accepted, were replaced by wholly different conceptions, of nature? It is the height of gullibility or presumption to invest special credence in the current scientific fashion.

15. Which one of the following best expresses the author's conclusion in the passage?

(A) Science is considerably less valuable than other approaches to producing knowledge.

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