(D) there might have been many other species of animals, besides mastodon, woolly mammoths, and saber-toothed tigers, that became extinct as the result of the spread of humans across North American

(E) the evidence it cites is consistent with the alternative hypothesis that the large mammals' extinction was a direct result of the same change in climate that allowed humans to spread across North American

21. The town of Greenfield recently instituted a substantial supplementary tax on all households, whereby each household is taxed in proportion to the volume of the trash that it puts out for trash collectors to pick up, as measured by the number of standard-sized garbage bags put out. In order to reduce the volume of the trash on which their tax bill is based, Greenfield households can deliver their recyclable trash to a conveniently located local commercial recycling center, where such trash is accepted free of charge

The supplementary tax provides some financial incentive to Greenfield households to do each of the following EXCEPT

(A) Sort out recyclable trash thoroughly from their other trash

(B) Dump nonrecyclable trash illegally at parks and roadsides

(C) Compress and nest items of nonrecyclable trash before putting them out for pickup

(D) Deliver recyclable materials to the recycling center instead of passing them on to neighbors who want to reuse them

(E) Buy products without packaging or with recyclable rather than nonrecyclable packaging

22. In a survey of consumers in an Eastern European nation, respondents were asked two questions about each of 400 famous Western brands: whether or not they recognized the brand name and whether or not they thought the products bearing that name were of high quality. The results of the survey were a rating and corresponding rank order for each brand based on recognition, and a second rating-plus-ranking based on approval. The brands ranked in the top 27 for recognition were those actually available in that nation. The approval rankings of these 27 brands often differed sharply from their recognition rankings. By contrast, most of the other brands had ratings, and thus rankings, that were essentially the same for recognition as for approval

Which one of the following, if each is a principle about consumer surveys, is violated by the survey described?

(A) Never ask all respondents a question if it cannot reasonably be answered by respondents who make a particular response to another question in the same survey

(B) Never ask a question that is likely to generate a large variety of responses that are difficult to group into a manageable number of categories

(C) Never ask all respondents a question that respondents cannot answer without giving up their anonymity

(D) It is better to ask the same question about ten different products than to ask ten different questions about a single product

(E) It is best to ask questions that a respondent can answer without fear of having gotten the answer wrong

23. A certain species of bird has two basic varieties, crested and noncrested. The bird, which generally live in flocks that contain only crested or only noncrested birds, tend to select mates of the same variety as themselves. However, if a bird that is raised, in a flock in which all other members are crested is later moved to a mixed flock, then that bird ?whether crested or noncrested ?is likely to select a crested mate. This fact indicates that the birds' preference for crested or noncrested mates is learned rather than genetically determined.

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