(E) dynamic balance that exists between voters and elected officials in a polyarchy

9.In the third paragraph, the author of the passage refers to criticism of the theory of polyarchy democracy primarily in order to

(A) refute Dahl's statement that Western intellectuals expect more democracy from polyarchies than is possible

(B) advocate the need for rethinking the basic principles on which the theory of democracy rests

(C) suggest that the structure of government within pluralist democracies should be changed

(D) point nut a flaw in Dahl's argument that the principle of political equality cannot be fully realized

(E) point out an objection to Dahl's defense of polyarchy

10.According to the passage, the aim of a political party in a polyarchy is to do which one of the following?

(A) determine what the position of the majority of voters is on a particular issue

(B) determine what position on an issue will earn the support of particular groups of voters

(C) organize voters into pressure groups in order to influence public policy on a particular issue

(D) ensure that elected officials accurately represent the position of the party on specific issue

(E) ensure that elected officials accurately represent the position of the electorate on specific issues

11. It can be inferred from the passage that Dahl assumes which one of the following in his defense of polyarchies?

(A) Polyarchies are limited in the extent to which they can embody the idea of democracy.

(B) The structure of polyarchical governments is free of hierarchical ordering.

(C) The citizens of a polyarchy have equal access to the resources that provide political influence.

(D) Polyarchy is the best political system to foster the growth of political parties.

(E) Polyarchy is a form of government that is not influenced by the interests of economic enterprises.

12. Which one of the following is most closely analogous to pluralist democracies as they are described in relation to the democratic principle of political equality?

(A) an exact copy of an ancient artifact that is on display in a museum

(B) a performance of a musical score whose range of tonality cannot be completely captured by any actual instruments

(C) a lecture by a former astronaut to a class of young students who would like to be astronauts

(D) the commemoration of a historical event each year by a historian presenting a lecture on a topic related to the event

(E) the mold from which a number of identical castings of a sculpture are made

13.Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen Dahl's defense of polyarchy?

(A) The political agenda in a polyarchy is strongly influenced by how power resources other than the vote are distributed.

(B) The outcome of elections is more often determined by the financial resources candidates are able to spend during campaigns than by their stands on political issue.

(C) Public policy in a polyarchy is primarily determined by decision-makers who are not accountable to elected officials.

(D) Political parties in a polyarchy help concentrate political power in the central government.

(E) Small and diverse pressure groups are able to exert as much influence on public policy in a polyarchy as are large and powerful groups.

14.The passage can best be described as

(A) an inquiry into how present-day polyarchies can be made more democratic

(B) a commentary on the means pressure groups employ to exert influence within polyarchies

(C) a description of the relationship between polyarchies and economic enterprises

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