10. The increase in the price of jet fuel is due to a sharp decrease over the past year in the supply of jet fuel available relative to demand. Nonetheless, the amount of jet fuel available for sale is larger today than it was last year.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following conclusions can be properly drawn on the basis of them?

(A) The demand for jet fuel has increased over the past year.

(B) The fuel efficiency of jet engines has increased over the past year.

(C) The number of jet airline flights has decreased over the past year.

(D) The cost of refining petroleum for jet fuel has increased over the past year.

(E) The supply of petroleum available for jet fuel ha decreased over the past year.

Questions 11-12

Nan: Government subsidies have been proposed in Cariana to encourage farmers in Rochelle, the country's principal agricultural region, to implement certain new farming techniques Unless these techniques are implemented erosion of productive topsoil cannot be controlled Unfortunately farmers cannot afford to shoulder the entire cost of the new techniques, which are more expensive than those currently used Therefore, without subsidies agricultural output in Rochelle will inevitably decline. Betty: But erosion in Rochelle is caused by recurring floods, which will end next year once Cariana completes the hydroelectric dam it is building across the region's major river Therefore, Rochelle's total agricultural output will stabilize at its present level even without subsidies.

11. Which one of the following is an assumption on which Betty's argument depends?

(A) Building a dam across Rochelle's major river will not reduce any recurrent flooding that occurs in regions of Cariana other than Rochelle.

(B) The new farming techniques that must be implemented to control soil erosion in Rochelle are not well suited to other regions of Cariana

(C) The current yearly output, if any from Rochelle's land that will be permanently under water once the dam is completed will at least be matched by additional yearly output from Rochelle's remaining land

(D) The cost to the government of Cariana to operate the hydroelectric dam will not be greater than the projected cost of subsidizing the farmers of Rochelle in the implementation of the new farming techniques

(E) The government of Cariana has sufficient financial resources both to subsidize its farmers implementation of new farming techniques and to operate a hydroelectric dam.

12. Betty uses which one of the following argumentative techniques in countering Alan's argument?

(A) showing that one premise in Alan's argument is inconsistent with another premise in his argument

(B) making additional claims that, if correct undermine a premise in Alan's argument

(C) demonstrating that Alan's conclusion is true but not for the reasons Alan gives to support it

(D) presenting evidence indicating that the policy Alan argues in favor of would have damaging consequences that outweigh its positive consequences

(E) pointing out that Alan's argument mistakenly identifies something as the cause of a trend when it is really an effect of that trend

13. Astronomers have long thought that the irregularity in the orbit of the planet Neptune was adequately explained by the gravitational pull exerted on Neptune by the planet Pluto The most recent observations of Pluto, however indicate that this planet is much too small to exert the amount of gravitational pull on Neptune that astronomers once thought it did.

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