Which one of the following practices is vulnerable to a line of criticism most parallel to that used in the argument in the passage?

(A) in medical malpractice suits giving physicians not directly involved in a suit a major role in determining the damages due to successful plaintiffs

(B) in a legislature, allowing the legislators to increase their own salaries only if at least two-thirds of them vote in favor of an increase

(C) to work both fast an accurately by paying them by the piece but counting only pieces of acceptable quality

(D) in a sports competition decided by judges scores selecting the judges from among people retired from that sport after successful careers

(E) in a business organization distributing a group bonus among the members of a task force on the basis of a confidential evaluation by each member of the contribution made by each of the others.

17. Members of the Amazonian Akabe people commonly take an early-morning drink of a tea made from the leaves of a forest plant. Although they greatly enjoy this drink, at dawn they drink it only in small amounts. Anthropologists hypothesize that since this tea is extraordinarily high in caffeine, the explanation for the Akabe's not drinking more of it at dawn is that high caffeine intake would destroy the surefootedness that their daily tasks require.

Which one of the following, if true, most seriously calls the anthropologists' explanation into question?

(A) The drink is full of nutrients otherwise absent from the Akabe diet

(B) The Akabe also drink the tea in the evening, after their day's work is done.

(C) The leaves used for the tea contain a soluble narcotic.

(D) Akabe children are introduced to the tea in only a very weak form.

(E) When celebrating, the Akabe drink the tea in large quantities.

18. All of the cargo ships of the Blue Star Liner are over 100 meters long, and all of its passenger ships are under 100 meters long. Most of the ships of the Blue Star Line were built before 1980. All of the passenger and cargo ships of the Gold Star Line were built after 1980, and all are under 100 meters long. The dockside facilities of Port Tropica, which is open only to ships of these two lines, can accommodate only those ships that are less than 100 meters long. The S.S. Coral is a cargo ship that is currently docked at Port Tropica.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true on the basis of them?

(A) The S.S.Coral was built after 1980.

(B) The S.S.Coral belongs to the Blue Star Line.

(C) Port Tropica is served only by cargo ships.

(D) Port Tropica is not served by ships of the Blue Start Line.

(E) All of the ships of the Blue Star Line are older than any of the ships of the Gold Star Line.

19. Spectroscopic analysis has revealed the existence of frozen nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide on the surface of Pluto. Such ices have a tendency to vaporize, producing an atmosphere. Since the proportion of any gas in such an atmosphere depends directly on how readily the corresponding ice vaporizes, astronomers have concluded that the components of Pluto's atmosphere are nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane, in order of decreasing abundance.

The astronomers' argument relies on which one of the following assumptions?

(A) There is no more frozen nitrogen on the surface of Pluto than there is either frozen carbon monoxide or methane.

(B) Until space probes reach Pluto, direct analysis of the atmosphere is impossible.

(C) There is no frozen substance on the surface of Pluto that vaporizes more readily than methane but less readily than carbon monoxide.

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