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一般否定与特指否定之间的转化(1)
文章出处:  发布时间:2006-07-09


  我们在研究英语否定句的确切含义时知道,凡是谓语动词被否定,全句的意思也随之被否定,这种否定叫做“一般否定”(General Negation);如果否定是针对谓语动词以外的成分,如某个特定的词、短语或从句,这种否定则被称为“特指否定”(Special Negation)。

  在一般否定句中,否定词not要放在助动词或系动词之后,如:We did not tell him to go./He is not happy.但在特指否定句中,否定词not则要置于被否定的成分之前,如:We told him not to go.

  现在让我们进一步探讨一下,这两种否定句的正确理解、翻译以及它们之间相互转化的问题。

  一、一般否定转化为特指否定的情况:每种语言都有它自己一套独特的表达否定的形式和方法。在英语的习惯用法中,有不少句子虽然形式上采用一般否定,但在意义上却是特指否定。如:

  I don't think you are right.我认为你是不对的。
  I don't believe he will succeed.我相信他不会成功。
  I don't suppose that it is true. 我断定那事不是真的。

  这些句子中的否定词在形式上否定的对象都是主句的谓语动词,但意义上却都是否定他们后面的宾语从句的。然而按照英语的表达习惯,以上三个句子都不可改为特指否定旬,如:不可以说:I think you are not right.等。但在另外一些情况下是可以互相转化的。

  例如:He did not seem to follow me. He did not happen to be at home. 这两个句子形式上属于一般否定句,否定词是针对谓语动词的,但意义上否定词都是针对不定式短语的,我们完全可以把第一句改写成:He seemed not to follow me.或It seemed that he did not follow me.(他好象不顺从我。)把第二句改写成:He happened not to be at home.或It happened that he was not at home.(那时他恰好不在家。)

  又如:He did not search the room carefully.该句中的not实际上是用来否定carefully的,我们完全可以把它改写为:He searched the room carefully(=not carefully).意即:他已搜查过这个房间,只是不仔细而已。

  再如:He did not come to work by bus. 这句的否定词是否定作为方式状语的介词短语by bus的,所以,我们可以把它改写为:He came to work not by bus(but on foot; by bike…).意即:他是来上班了,只是没有乘坐公共汽车而已。

  从以上例句分析可见,一般否定在一定的情况下是可以转化为特指否定的。

  二、特指否定是否可以转化为一般否定呢? 答案应该是肯定的。

  英语中一些否定代词和否定副词用在句中时,在形式上大多数是对句子中的主语、宾语或状语的特指否定。但实质上则等于否定谓语的一般否定。在进行转化时,原先的否定词应变为相应的不定词,其对应情况大致如下:

  否定词:no、no one(=none)、nobody、no longer、nothing、nowhere、neither...nor、never。不定词: any、anyone、anybody、any longer、any-thing、anywhere、either...or、ever.

  1.对主语的特指否定转化为一般否定。

  1) No news came.=News did not come.
  2) No help was needed.=Help was not needed。
  3) No two persons have the same stock of words. =Two persons do not have the same stock of words.

注意:以上三个句子中的等号后面都不可以加上Any!这是因为any之后不能跟not配用。

  2.对宾语的特指否定转化为一般否定。

  1) He gave no answer.=He did not give any answer.
  2) We made no attempt at this.=We did not make any attempt at this.
  3)I could see nothing on the spot.=I could not see anything on the spot.
  4)I could remember neither his address nor his telephone number.=I could not remember either his address or his telephone number.

  3.对状语的特指否定转化为一般否定。

  1)I am old and ill no longer. =I am not old and ill any longer.
  2)They agreed with each other in no respects.=They did not agree with each other in any respects.
  3)We could find the boy nowhere.=We Could not find the boy anywhere.
  4)Never mention it once again.=Don’t ever mention it once again.

  这里必须指出,当主语是否定词nobody,no one(none)或nothing时,不能作如此相应的变化。

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