一般现在时表示现在、经常或习惯的动作或状态和普遍现象、常识或客观真理;一般过去时用于过去某一时间内发生的或过去习惯性的动作或状态;一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,将来打算做的事情;现在完成时表示过去发生的动作造成目前的结果和对现在造成的影响或表示从过去延续至今的动作、状态和习惯等;将来完成时表示将来某时之前业已完成或发生的事情;过去完成时表示过去某时间之前已经发生的动作或状况,即过去的过去。注意每一种时态与其他时态的交叉使用情况。英语共有十六种时态,其表现形式如下(以study为例):
| 一般时 | 进行时 | 完成时 | 完成进行时 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在 | study studies |
am studying is studying are studying |
have studied has studied |
have been studying has been studying |
| 过去 | studied | was studying were studying |
had studied | had been studying |
| 将来 | shall study will study |
shall be studying will be studying |
shall have studied will have studied |
shall have been studying will have been studying |
| 过去将来 | should study would study |
should be studying would be studying |
should have studied would have studied |
should have been studying would have been studying |
考试中出现的一般有以下几种。
V 将来完成时和过去完成时
一、将来完成时表示将来某时业已发生的动作和情况,或已经存在的状态
1) By the end of this month, the generating set for a whole year.
[A] will run [B] has run
[C] runs [D] will have run
二、过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻之前业已发生了的动作或现象,句中通常会出现有表示过去某一时刻的时间状语
2) Although she law for only a little over eight years, Florence Allen became in 1922 the first woman to sit on a state supreme court.
[A] will practice [B] practices
[C] had practiced [D] has been practicing
3) Before 1970 many [A] technological advances have been made [B] in the field of computer science, which [C] resulted in more efficient [D] computers.
三、例题解析
1) 正确答案 是D。“By the end of this month”表示将来的某一时间,到那时业已完成的动作应用将来完成时,所以选D为正确答案。
2) C为正确答案。本句的主句有表示过去某刻的时间状语in 1922,用的是过去时,而空白处应填入在1922年前已发生的动作(从事 律师 业8年多),故应使用过去完成时。
3) B错,改为had been made,因为本句明显表示过去某刻之前( before 1970)业已发生的情况。