9. According to the passage, the movement of individual species of plants
(a) occurs in groups
(b) often depends upon the formation of lakes
(c) does not occur in groups
(d) depends upon climate and soil conditions
10. All of the following are true except
(a) The ice age occurred when small changes affected the movement of the earth
(b) Fossil records seem to indicate that plants will be preserved if they have sufficient room to move
(c) Fossil records clearly show that entire groups of plants are unlikely to have moved together
(d) In the ice age glaciers covered the world to depths of up to two miles
Question 11-21
Some pioneering work that began as an attempt to discover ways to increase production efficiency led to the founding of the human relations movement in industry and to the development of motivational skills and tools for managers. In 1927 researchers were involved in determining the optimum amount of lighting, temperature, and humidity (with lighting being considered the most important) for the assembly of electronic components at Western Electric. The researchers found that lighting had no consistent effect on production. In fact, production sometimes increased when lighting was reduced to the level of ordinary moonlight! The important part of this experiment began when two Harvard researchers, Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger, were brought in to investigate these unexpected results further. They found that workers were responding not to the levelof lighting but to the fact that they were being observed by the experimenters.
This phenomenon came to be known as the Hawthorne effect since the experiments were conducted at the Western Electric Hawthorne plant. This was the first documented and widely published evidence of the psychological effects on doing work, and it led to the first serious effort aimed at examining psychological and social factors in the workplace. Further experiments were continued for five years. Generally, the researchers concluded from their experiments that economic motivation (pay) was not the sole source of productivity and, in some cases, not even the most important source. Through interviews and test results, the researchers focused on the effects of work attitudes, supervision, and the peer group and other social forces, on productivity.
Their findings laid the groundwork for modern motivation theory, and the study of human factors on the job, which continues to this day in such common practices as selection and training, establishing favorable work conditions, counseling, and personnel operations. The contributions of this experiment shifted the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach including psychological and social forces.
11. What is the passage primarily about?
(a) The first widely published development in modern motivation theory
(b) Shifting the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach
(c) The importance of careful research
(d) The results of a pioneering study at Western Electric
12. The word “optimum” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(a) positive
(b) favorable
(c) best
(d) alternate
13. The most significant finding of the original research was
(a) lighting had no consistent effect on production
(b) production sometimes increased when lighting was reduced to the level of ordinary moonlight.
(c) that lighting was no more important than the other factors of temperature and humidity.
(d) the results were unexpected and confusing.
14. Why does the author say that the important part of this research began when two Harvard researchers were brought in (lines 8-9)
(a) Until then the research had been poorly conducted
(b) They took a multifaceted approach
(c) The results of the original research did not make sense
(d) Harvard has a good reputation in conducting research
15. The research became known as the “Hawthorne effect” because
(a) it was the name of the plant where the study was conducted
(b) It was the name suggested by the Harvard researchers
(c) It was the name of the principal experimenter
(d) There were hawthorne plants growing at Western Electric where the study was conducted
16. The word “it” in line 14 refers to
(a) the experiment
(b) economic motivation
(c) the Western Electric Hawthorn plant
(d) the Hawthorne effect