A great natural experiment took place on this planet between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago, when small changes in the earth’s orbit and axis of rotation caused great sheets of ice to spread from the poles. These glaciers covered much of North America and Europe to depths of up to two miles, and then, as the climate warmed, they retreated. During this retreat, they left behind newly uncovered land for living things to colonize, and as those living things moved in they laid down a record we can read now. As the ice retreated and plants started to grow near a lake, they would release pollen. Some would fall into the lake, sink to the bottom, and be incorporated into the sediment. By drilling into the lake bottom it is possible to read the record of successive plant life around the lake. The fossil record seems clear; there is little or no evidence that entire groups of plants moved north together. Things that lived together in the past don’t live together now, and things that live together now didn’t live together in the past. Each individual organism moved at its own pace. The fossil record seems to be tellineuver – to respond to environmental changes.
1. What is the passage mainly about?
(a) The effects of the ice age on plants
(b) Plant migration after the ice age
(c) The need to develop a new approach to environmental issues
(d) Communities of plants live at different altitudes
2. The word “radically” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(a) variably
(b) demonstrably
(c) quickly
(d) dramatically
3. The author mentions “cacti” in line 3 and a ”treeless alpine tundra” in line 4 to illustrate
(a) changes in climate
(b) the effects of the ice age
(c) communities of plants
(d) plant migration
4. The word “which” in line 10 refers to
(a) the responses of plants to climate changes
(b) the current theories of ecosystems
(c) the developments of ecosystems
(d) plant life changes
5. The word “axis” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(a) center
(b) method
(c) change
(d) slowdown
6. The word “successive” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(a) exng us that we should be thinking about preserving species by giving them room to matinct
(b) consecutive
(c) accumulative
(d) following
7. The passage states that by drilling into the lake bottom it is possible to find successive fossils of:
(a) sediment
(b) ice
(c) plant life
(d) pollen
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage
(a) –that the migratory patterns of plants are dependent upon changes in climate
(b) –that modern conservation methods should consider the migratory patterns of plants
(c) –that current associations of plants are similar to those in the past
(d) –that another ice age is likely to occur at some time
9. According to the passage, the movement of individual species of plants
(a) occurs in groups
(b) often depends upon the formation of lakes
(c) does not occur in groups
(d) depends upon climate and soil conditions
10. All of the following are true except
(a) The ice age occurred when small changes affected the movement of the earth
(b) Fossil records seem to indicate that plants will be preserved if theyhave sufficient room to move
(c) Fossil records clearly show that entire groups of plants are unlikely to have moved together
(d) In the ice age glaciers covered the world to depths of up to two miles
Question 11-21
Some pioneering work that began as an attempt to discover ways to increase production efficiency led to the founding of the human relations movement in industry and to the development of motivational skills and tools for managers. In 1927 researchers were involved in determining the optimum amount of lighting, temperature, and humidity (with lighting being considered the most important) for the assembly of electronic components at Western Electric. The researchers found that lighting had no consistent effect on production. In fact, production sometimes increased when lighting was reduced to the level of ordinary moonlight! The important part of this experiment began when two Harvard researchers, Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger, were brought in to investigate these unexpected results further. They found that workers were responding not to the level of lighting but to the fact that they were being observed by the experimenters.
This phenomenon came to be known as the Hawthorne effect since the experiments were conducted at the Western Electric Hawthorne plant. This was the first documented and widely published evidence of the psychological effects on doing work, and it led to the first serious effort aimed at examining psychological and social factors in the workplace. Further experiments were continued for five years. Generally, the researchers concluded from their experiments that economic motivation (pay) was not the sole source of productivity and, in some cases, not even the most important source. Through interviews and test results, the researchers focused on the effects of work attitudes, supervision, and the peer group and other social forces, on productivity.
Their findings laid the groundwork for modern motivation theory, and the study of human factors on the job, which continues to this day in such common practices as selection and training, establishing favorable work conditions, counseling, and personnel operations. The contributions of this experiment shifted the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach including psychological and social forces.
11. What is the passage primarily about?
(a) The first widely published development in modern motivation theory
(b) Shifting the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach
(c) The importance of careful research
(d) The results of a pioneering study at Western Electric
12. The word “optimum” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(a) positive
(b) favorable
(c) best
(d) alternate
13. The most significant finding of the original research was
(a) lighting had no consistent effect on production
(b) production sometimes increased when lighting was reduced to the level of ordinary moonlight.
(c) that lighting was no more important than the other factors of temperature and humidity.
(d) the results were unexpected and confusing.
14. Why does the author say that the important part of this research began when two Harvard researchers were brought in (lines 8-9)
(a) Until then the research had been poorly conducted
(b) They took a multifaceted approach
(c) The results of the original research did not make sense
(d) Harvard has a good reputation in conducting research
15. The research became known as the “Hawthorne effect” because
(a) it was the name of the plant where the study was conducted
(b) It was the name suggested by the Harvard researchers
(c) It was the name of the principal experimenter
(d) There were hawthorne plants growing at Western Electric where the study was conducted
16. The word “it” in line 14 refers to
(a) the experiment
(b) economic motivation
(c) the Western Electric Hawthorn plant
(d) the Hawthorne effect
17. It can be inferred from this passage that the Hawthorne study
(a) led to lighting, temperature, and humidity no longer being considered important when seeking ways to improve production
(b) Stimulated further research into work condition and worker behavior
(c) Led to psychological factors becoming the mostimportant consideration in achieving production efficiency
(d) Led to economic considerations being less important in achieving productivity
18. Part of the reason for the change in focus from economics to a more multifaceted approach to the psychological effects on doing work was
(a) due to the recognition that workers should be happy at work in order to maintain high productivity
(b) a general conclusion that pay was sometimes not the most important factor
(c) because the Hawthorne study continued for so long
(d) because the workers requested it
19. According to the passage, it can be concluded that a “multifaceted approach” to human motivation in the workplace
(a) excludes economics
(b) can lead to greater productivity
(c) excludes physical conditions
(d) focuses mainly on psychological and social forces
20. The word “multifaceted” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(a) versatile
(b) complex
(c) many-sided
(d) multitude
21. Which of the following is NOT true about the Hawthorne study
(a) It was the first documented evidence of the psychological effects on doing work
(b) The Hawthorne study continued for five years
(c) They found that workers responded not to the level of lighting but to the fact that other work conditions were not favorable
(d) The study changed the focus from economics to a multifaceted approach