These data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level -
variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum - orthe data may represent
qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data
must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are
comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or
reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass or data.
Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of
problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class
of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of
observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion
of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been
vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent
would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion
for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as l00
children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics
of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.
21. With what is the passage mainly concerned ?
(A) The drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statistics
(B) Applications of inferential statistics
(C) The development and use of statistics
(D) How to use descriptive statistics
22. The word "divergent" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) different
(B) distributed
(C) recorded
(D) prominent
23. According to the first paragraph, counting and census-taking arc associated with