3. The word "notwithstanding" in
line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) in spite of
(B) in addition to
(C) as a result of
(D) as a part of
7. By the end of the eighteenth 9. According to the passage, American
century, the publishers of children’s children’s stories differed from their
looks in the United States were British equivalents in that the
most concerned about which of the characters in American stories were
following?
(A) children who showed a change
(A) Attracting children with of behavior
entertaining stories that (B) children who were well
provided lessons of correct behaved
behavior (C) rarely servants
(B) Publishing literature consisting (D) generally not from a variety
of exciting stories that would of social classes
appeal to both children and
adults 10. The word" testimony to" in line 28
(C) Expanding markets for books is closest in meaning to
in both Britain and the
United States (A) inspiration for
(D) Reprinting fictional books (B) evidence of
from earlier in the century (C) requirement for
(D) development of
8. The word "permeated" in line 15
(A) opposed
(B) improved
(C) competed with
(D) spread through
Question 11-21
Lichens. probably the hardiest of all plants, live where virtually nothing else can---not
just on rugged mountain peaks but also on sunbaked desert rocks. They are usually the
first life to appear on a mountainside that has been scraped bare by an avalanche.
Line Unlike other members of the plant kingdom, lichens are actually a partnership between
5 two plants. The framework of a lichen is usually a network of minute hairlike fungus that
anchors the plant, The other component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant life
that grows on stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus. Being green plants,
algae are capable of photosynthesis--that is, using energy from the Sun to manufacture
their own food. The fungi arc believed to supply water, minerals, and physical support to
10 the partnership.
Lichens are famous for their ability to survive ~ water shortage. When water is scarce
(as is often the case on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in that
condition for prolonged periods of time. Some lichens can even grow where there is no
rain at all, surviving on only occasional dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface
15 of the plants at night, And unlike most other plants, lichens are little affected by the strong
ultraviolet rays in the mountains.
Lichens use little energy, for they grow slowly. Some grow so slowly and are so old
that they are called "time stains." You may find lichens that are centuries old; certain of
these lichen colonies have been established for an estimated 2,000 years.
20 For decades, scientists wondered how the offspring of an alga and a fungus got together
to form a new lichen, it seemed unlikely that they would just happen lo encounter one
another. It was finally discovered that in many cases the two partners have never been
separated. Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens are broken off by the wind or by
animals; these toll or are blown to a new location