17.Which of the following would NOT cause a sea cucumber to release its internal organs into the water?
(A) A touch
(B) Food
(C) Unusually warm water
(D) Pollution
18.Which of the following is an example of behavior comparable with the sea cucumber living at a low metabolic rate?
(A) An octopus defending itself with its tentacles
(B) A bear hibernating in the winter
(C) A pig eating constantly
(D) A parasite living on its host’s blood.
Question 19-29
A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative,
nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and
race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly
developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in
the religion or family, and interpersonal relationships are
strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently
and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into
specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform
a great variety of tasks, though duties many differ between the
sexes. Most goods are handmade, and a subsistence economy
prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures, as
are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in
industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada.
Perhaps the nearest modern-equivalent in Anglo-America is the
Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces
the products and labor saving device of the industrial
age. In Amish areas, horse - drawn buggies still serve as a local
transportation device, and the faithful are not permitted to
own automobiles. The Amish’s central religious concept of
Demut, "humility", clearly reflects the weakness of individualism
and social class so typical of folk cultures, and there is a
corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the
Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the
Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining
order.
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous
group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.
Relationships tend to be impersonal, and a pronounced division
of labor exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized
professions. Secular institutions of control such as the police
and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining
order, and a money-based economy prevails. Because of these
contrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from
"folk". The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries
and in many developing nations, Folk-made objects give
way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular
item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time
saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.
19.What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Two decades in modern society.
(B) The influence of industrial technology
(C) The characteristics of "folk" and "popular" societies.
(D) The specialization of labor in Canada and United States