Questions 41-50
Staggering tasks confronted the people of the United States, North and South, when
the Civil War ended. About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be
demobilized, readjusted to civilian life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.
Civil government also had to be put back on a peacetime basis and interference from
the military had to be stopped.
The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be
undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly. Industries had to adjust to
peacetime conditions: factories had to be retooled for civilian needs.
Financial problems loomed large in both the North and the South. The national debt
had shot up from a modest $65 million in 1861, the year the war started, to nearly $3
billion in 1865, the year the war ended. This was a colossal sum for those days but one
that a prudent government could pay. At the same time, war taxes had to be reduced to
less burdensome levels.
Physical devastation caused by invading armies, chiefly in the South and border
states, had to be repaired. This herculean task was ultimately completed, but with
discouraging slowness.
Other important questions needed answering. What would be the future of the four
million Black people who were freed from slavery? On what basis were the Southern
states to be brought back into the Union?
What of the Southern leaders, all of whom were liable to charges of treason? One
of these leaders, Jefferson Davis, president of the Southern Confederacy, was the
subject of an insulting popular Northern song,"Hang Jeff Davis from a Sour Apple
Tree", and even children sang it. Davis was temporarily chained in his prison cell
during the early days of his two-year imprisonment. But he and the other Southern
leaders were finally released, partly because it was unlikely that a jury from Virginia, a
Southern Confederate state, would convict them. All the leaders were finally pardoned
by President Johnson in 1868 in an effort to help reconstruction efforts proceed with as
little bitterness as possible.
41. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Wartime expenditures
(B) Problems facing the United States after the war
(C) Methods of repairing the damage caused by the war
(D) The results of government efforts to revive the economy
42. The word "Staggering" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) specialized
(B) confusing
(C) various
(D) overwhelming