41 What does the author imply about the western rivers?
(A) It was difficult to find fuel near them.
(B) They flooded frequently.
(C) They were difficult to navigate.
(D) They were rarely used for transportation.
42 The word "it" in line 23 refers to
(A) decade
(B) high-pressure engine
(C) weight
(D) problem
43 The word "vessel" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) fuel
(B) crew
(C) cargo
(D) craft
44 Which of the following points was made by the critics of high-pressure engines?
(A) They are expensive to import.
(B) They are not powerful enough for western waters.
(C) They are dangerous.
(D) They weigh too much.
Questions 45-50
Volcanic fire and glacial ice are natural enemies. Eruptions at glaciated volcanoes typically
destroy ice fields, as they did in 1980 when 70 percent of Mount Saint Helens ice cover was
demolished. During long dormant intervals, glaciers gain the upper hand cutting deeply into volcanic cones and eventually reducing them to rubble. Only rarely do these competing forces of
heat and cold operate in perfect balance to create a phenomenon such as the steam caves at
Mount Rainier National Park.
Located inside Rainier s two ice-filled summit craters, these caves form a labyrinth of tunnels
and vaulted chambers about one and one-half miles in total length. Their creation depends on an
unusual combination of factors that nature almost never brings together in one place. The
cave-making recipe calls for a steady emission of volcanic gas and heat, a heavy annual snowfall at an elevation high enough to keep it from melting during the summer, and a bowl-shaped crater
to hold the snow.
Snow accumulating yearly in Rainier s summit craters is compacted and compressed into a
dense form of ice called firn, a substance midway between ordinary ice and the denser crystalline ice that makes up glaciers. Heat rising from numerous openings (called fumaroles) along the inner
crater walls melts out chambers between the rocky walls and the overlying ice pack. Circulating
currents of warm air then melt additional opening in the firn ice, eventually connecting the individual chambers and, in the larger of Rainier s two craters, forming a continuous passageway
that extends two- thirds of the way around the crater s interior.
To maintain the cave system, the elements of fire under ice must remain in equilibrium.Enough snow must fill the crater each year to replace that melted from below. If too much volcanic heat is discharged, the crater s ice pack will melt away entirely and the caves will vanish along with the
snow of yesteryear. If too little heat is produced, the ice, replenished annually by winter
snowstorms, will expand, pushing against the enclosing crater walls and smothering the present
caverns in solid firn ice.