Question 21-29
Under certain circumstance the human body must cope
with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure. For
example, gas pressures increase rapidly during a dive made
with scuba gear because the breathing equipment allows divers
to stay underwater longer and dive deeper. The pressure
exerted on the human body increases by 1 atmosphere for every
10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater
a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres.
The pressure of the gases being breathed must equal the
external pressure applied to the body; otherwise breathing is very
difficult. Therefore all of the gases in the air breathed by a
scuba diver at 40 meters are present at five times their usual
pressure. Nitrogen which composes 80 percent of the air we
breathe usually causes a balmy feeling of well-being at this
pressure. At a depth of 5 atmospheres nitrogen causes symp-
toms resembling alcohol intoxication known as nitrogen narcosis.
Nitrogen narcosis apparently results from a direct effect
on the brain of the large amounts of nitrogen dissolved in the
blood. Deep dives are less dangerous if helium is substituted
for nitrogen, because under these pressures helium does not
exert a similar narcotic effect.
As a scuba diver descends, the pressure of nitrogen in the
lungs increases. Nitrogen then diffuses from the lungs to the
blood and from the blood to body tissues. The reverse occurs
when the diver surfaces; the nitrogen pressure in the lungs
falls and the nitrogen diffuses from the tissues into the blood
and from the blood into the lungs. If the return to the surface
is too rapid, nitrogen in the tissues and blood cannot diffuse
out rapidly enough and nitrogen bubbles are formed . They can
cause severe pains, particularly around the joints.
Another complication may result if the breath is held dur-
ing ascent. During ascent from a depth of 10 meters, the
volume of air in the lungs will double because the air pressure at
the surface is only half of what it was at 10 meters. This
change in volume may cause the lungs to distend and even rup-
ture. This condition is called air embolism. To avoid this
event, a diver must ascent slowly, never at a rate exceeding
the rise of the exhaled air bubbles, and must exhale during
ascent.
21.What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The equipment divers use
(B) The effects of pressure on gases in the human body
(C) How to prepare for a deep dive
(D) The symptoms of nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream.
22.The word "exposed to" in line 8 are closest in meaning to
(A) leaving behind
(B) prepared for
(C) propelled by
(D) subjected to
23.The word "exert" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) cause
(B) permit
(C) need
(D) change
24.The word "diffuses" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) yields
(B) starts
(C) surfaces
(D) travels