Question 14-22
Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric
of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed
physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses,
and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By
opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion,
the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and
electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four
times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre-
modern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay
scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of
the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who
could afford it could live far removed from the old city center
and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment.
The new accessibility of land around the periphery of
almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate
development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.
Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new
residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most
of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period,
another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within
the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the
possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000
potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty
years – lots that could have housed five to six million people.
Of course, many were never occupied; there was always
a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago
and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of
residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation:
urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by
thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated
land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and
prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or
outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class
inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as
to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process.
Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than
population growth.
14. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
(A) Types of mass transportation.
(B) Instability of urban life.
(C) How supply and demand determine land use.
(D) The effects of mass transportation on urban expansion.
15. The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT
(A) growth in city area
(B) separation of commercial and residential districts.
(C) Changes in life in the inner city.
(D) Increasing standards of living.
16. The word "vast" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) large
(B) basic
(C) new
(D) urban