17. The word "sparked" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) brought about
(B) surrounded
(C) sent out
(D) followed
18. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?
(A) To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.
(B) To show that mass transit changed many cities.
(C) To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.
(D) To contrast their rates of growth
19. The word "potential" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) certain
(B) popular
(C) improved
(D) possible
20. The word "many" in line 25 refers to
(A) people
(B) lots
(C) years
(D) developers
21. According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?
(A) It was expensive.
(B) It happened too slowly.
(C) It was unplanned.
(D) It created a demand for public transportation.
22. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city
(A) that is large
(B) that is used as a model for land development
(C) where land development exceeded population growth
(D) with an excellent mass transportation system.
Question 23-33
The preservation of embryos and juveniles is rare occurrence
in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually
scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before
they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of
being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine
animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to
erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a
slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other
animals, a lack if swift currents and waves to jumble and carry
away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors,
some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved
ichthyosaur fossils.
The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an
interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in
black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million
years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine
reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered from
these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but
what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur
fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos
have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a
small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site
was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over
time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical develop-
ment; their paddles, for example, are already well formed.
One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition,
the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are
between 20 and 30 inches long.