40.The word "they" in line 25 refers to
(A) engines
(B) mechanized production and steam power
(C) possibilities
(D) steamboats
41.What does the author imply about the western rivers?
(A) It was difficult to find fuel near them.
(B) They flooded frequently.
(C) They were difficult to navigate.
(D) They were rarely used for transportation.
42.The word "it" in line 31 refers to
(A) decade
(B) high-pressure engine
(C) weight
(D) problem
43.The word "vessel" in line 33 is closest in meaning to
(A) fuel
(B) crew
(C) cargo
(D) craft
44.Which of the following points was made by the critics of high-pressure engines?
(A) They are expensive to import.
(B) They are not powerful enough for western waters.
(C) They are dangerous.
(D) They weigh too much.
Questions 45-50
Volcanic fire and glacial ice are natural enemies. Eruptions
at glaciated volcanoes typically destroy ice fields, as they
did in 1980 when 70 percent of Mount Saint Helens ice cover
was demolished. During long dormant intervals, glaciers gain
the upper hand cutting deeply into volcanic cones and eventually
reducing them to rubble. Only rarely do these competing
forces of heat and cold operate in perfect balance to create a
phenomenon such as the steam caves at Mount Rainier
National Park.
Located inside Rainier’s two ice-filled summit craters,
these caves form a labyrinth of tunnels and vaulted chambers
about one and one-half miles in total length. Their creation
depends on an unusual combination of factors that nature
almost never brings together in one place. The cave-making
recipe calls for a steady emission of volcanic gas and heat, a
heavy annual snowfall at an elevation high enough to keep it
from melting during the summer, and a bowl-shaped crater to
hold the snow.
Snow accumulating yearly in Rainier’s summit craters is
compacted and compressed into a dense form of ice called firn,
a substance midway between ordinary ice and the denser crystalline
ice that makes up glaciers. Heat rising from numerous
openings (called fumaroles) along the inner crater walls melts
out chambers between the rocky walls and the overlying ice
pack. Circulating currents of warm air then melt additional
opening in the firn ice, eventually connecting the individual
chambers and, in the larger of Rainier’s two craters, forming
a continuous passageway that extends two- thirds of the way
around the crater’s interior.