28. How did the work of American carvers in 1776 differ from that of contemporary sculptors?
(A) It was less time-consuming
(B) It was more dangerous.
(C) It was more expensive.
(D) It was less refined.
Question 29-39
Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number
of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat.
One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather
than absorb the Sun’s rays. Desert mammals also depart from
the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body
temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature
deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure
of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures
to rise to what would normally be fever height, and
temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured
in Grant’s gazelles. The overheated body then cools down
during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may
fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the
camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few
hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an
excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into
the day.
Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the
loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted
animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body
weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings
die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An
equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this
water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink prodigious
volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe
over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person,
on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at
one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big
and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death
from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of
obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain
near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and
far-flung pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further
ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated, it is a
common experience in people that appetite is lost even under
conditions of moderate thirst.
29. What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) Weather variations in the desert
(B) Adaptations of desert animals
(C) Diseased of desert animals
(D) Human use of desert animals.
30. According to the passage, why is light coloring an advantage to large desert animals?
(A) It helps them hide from predators.
(B) It does not absorb sunlight as much as dark colors.
(C) It helps them see their young at night
(D) It keeps them cool at night.
31. The word "maintaining" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) measuring
(B) inheriting
(C) preserving
(D) delaying
32. The author uses of Grant’s gazelle as an example of
(A) an animal with a low average temperature
(B) an animal that is not as well adapted as the camel
(C) a desert animal that can withstand high body temperatures
(D) a desert animal with a constant body temperature
33. When is the internal temperature of a large desert mammal lower?
(A) Just before sunrise
(B) In the middle of the day
(C) Just after sunset
(D) Just after drinking
34. The word "tolerate" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) endure
(B) replace
(C) compensate
(D) reduce