A.change as industries change.
B.get new members to join.
C.get new members to join.
D.Bargain for high enough wages.


34¡¢£¨Í¬31Ì⣩Disagreements arise between unions because

A.some unions try to win over members of other unions.
B.some unions ignore agreements.
C.there are different levels of wages from union to union.
D.some unions take over other union's jobs.


35¡¢£¨Í¬31Ì⣩What basic problem are we told most trade unions face?

A.They are not equal in size or influence.
B.They are not organized efficiently.
C.They is lack of internal communication.
D.They do not have enough members.


36¡¢µÚËÄƪ Why Do Women Earn Less Than Men? Women earn less than men. For example, in 1988 the hourly wages of women I n the U.S. Were 26% less than those of men. The gap between male and female inco mes varies with age. The gap between the labor incomes of young women and young men is much smaller than that between middleª²aged women and men. It is also cle ar that jobs in which women are concentrated pay less. The larger the number of w orkers in an industry who are women, the lower the average wages. Why do women earn less than men? Are the differences explained by the fact that women are looked down upon? If so, the government has to intervene (¸ÉÔ¤), to force the employers to pay equal wages to equal jobs. However, there is no agreement among ***nomists about the causes of the gap. One view argues that wome n on the average have chosen lowª²paying jobs in which workers enjoy the freedom of entering and leaving the labor force, which reduces their years of experience relative to men. Other people say the gap can also be explained by the differen ce in educational background which is shown in the difference in the marginal pr oduct between men and women. Much of the gap, however, has not been fully explained. It might be the re sult of some bias against women. It is this part that has produced calls for gov ernment action. What would happen if the government did intervene to increase th e wages paid to women? One possibility is that incomes for women as a group migh t actually decline. An increase in wage decreases the quantity of labor input de manded, resulting in decreased employment as the rate of hiring new workers decl ines. The result will be a surplus of labor. Those who can find jobs might be be tter off while those who had jobs might find themselves out of work. The difference in labor incomes is most obvious between

A.young men and young women.
B.young women in the same industry.
C.middleª²aged men and middleª²aged women.
D.middleª²aged women in the same industry.


37¡¢£¨Í¬36Ì⣩Some ***nomists believe women earn less than men partly because

A.women are less experienced than men.
B.women are only provided with lowª²paying jobs.
C.women have much freedom in selecting their jobs.
D.there are more than enough women in the labor force.


38¡¢£¨Í¬36Ì⣩Which of the following cannot be inferred from the s***nd paragraph?

A.Women receive less education than men.
B.Women are not as productive as men.
C.Levels of education are closely related to productivity.
D.Goods produced by women are not as good as those by men.


39¡¢£¨Í¬36Ì⣩What does the author suggest that the government should do for wome n workers?

A.To ensure equal pay for women.
B.To explain why women are paid less.
C.To force employers to hire more women.
D.No solution is clearly suggested.


40¡¢£¨Í¬36Ì⣩What would happen if women's wages were raised?

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