Hansen found soot’s effect on snow albedo (solar energy reflected back to space),which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere,such as thinning Arctic sea ice,melting glaciers and permafrost.Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
“Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space,thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon‘,”Hansen said.Soot’s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world’s climate.
“This forcing is unusually effective,causing twice as much global warming as a
carbon.dioxide forcing of the same magnitude.’’Hansen noted.
Hansen cautioned,although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial,it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of this century.
The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes.These observations were consistent with the researchers’climate model simulations.which showed some of the 1argest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.
1.Paragraph 3 __.
2.Paragraph4 __.
3.Paragraph 6 __.
4.Paragraph 7 __.
5. In the twentieth century,soot __.
A Soot’s Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere
B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere
C Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot
C Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo
E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission
F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G1obal Warming
6.Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases__.
7. Black soot covered snow and ice__.
8. A soot forcing is unusually effective,which__.
A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude