The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America were nearly a hundred years after Columbus's first voyage. The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England, calling it Virginia. In 1585 he sent a small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island, but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition, led by Drake, in 1587. A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590.
　　The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607. English capitalists founded two Virginia companies, a southern one based in London and a northern one based in Bristol. It was decided to give the name New England to the northern area. The first settlers in Virginia were little more than wage slaves to the company. All were men and the experiment was not very successful. Many died. Those who survived lived in miserable conditions. By 1610 the colony had only a thousand people.

1. We know for sure that colonization began at the end of the 15th century
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
2. Among the early settlers in South America in the 16th century were Spanish traders.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
3. With John Cabot's arrival at an island off the New England coast in 1497, the British Crown claimed to be the legal owner of North America.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
4. There were eighteen people on board the Matthew during its voyage to North America in 1497
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
5. The first attempt made by European people to settle down permanently in North America occurred in the 1580s
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
6. The name Virginia was given to North America by Sir Walter Raleigh
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
7. The name New England was given to the northern area of North America by the boss of one of the two Virginia companies
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

KEY: BABBAAC






PASSAGE 14

An Observation and Explanation

　　It is worth looking at one or two aspects of the way a mother behaves towards her baby. The usual fondling, cuddling and cleaning requite little comment, but the position in which she holds the baby against her body when resting is rather revealing. Careful studies have shown the fact that 80 per cent of mothers hold their infants in their left arms, holding them against the left side of their bodies. If asked to explain the significance of this preference most people reply that it is obviously the result of the predominance of right-handedness in the population. By holding the babies in their left arms, the mothers keep their dominant arm free for manipulations. But a detailed analysis shows that this is not the case. True, there is a slight difference between right-handed and left-handed females; but not enough to provide an adequate explanation. It emerges that 83 per cent of right-handed mothers hold the baby on the left side, but so do 78 per cent of left-handed mothers. In other words, only 22 per cent of the left-handed mothers have their dominant hands free for actions. Clearly there must be some other, less obvious explanation.
　　The only other clue comes from the fact that the heart is on the left side of the mother's body. Could it be that the sound of her heart-beat is the vital factor? And in what way? Thinking along these lines it was argued that perhaps during its existence inside the body of the mother the unborn baby gets used to the sound of the heart beat. If this is so, then the re-discovery of this familiar sound after birth might have a calming effect on the infant, especially as it has just been born into a strange and frighteningly new world. If this is so then the mother would, somehow, soon arrive at the discovery that her baby is more at peace if held on the left against her heart, than on the right.

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