TEXT J First read the following questions. 57. Surgeons in the early years of this century, compared with modern ones, ____ A. had less to learn about surgery. B. needed more knowledge. C. could perform every operation known today. D. were more trusted by their patients. 58. Today, compared with 1910 ____ A. five times fewer patients die after being operated on. B. 20% fewer of all operation patients die. C. 20% of all operation patients recover. D. operation death have increased by 20%. Now go through TEXT J quickly and answer questions 57 and 58. 　 The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and anesthetics. Patients do not often believe they really need surgery —— cutting onto a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs. 　 In the early years of this century there was little specialization in surgery. A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life. However, not every surgeon wants to, or is qualified to carry our every type of modern operation. 　 The scope of surgery had increased remarkably in this century. Its safety has increased too. Deaths from most operations are about 20% of what they were in 1910 and surgery has been extended in many directions, for example to certain types of birth defects in newborn babies, and, at the other end of the scale, to life-saving operations for octogenarian. The hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a week for most major operations. Most patients are out of bed on the day after an operation and may be back at work in two or three weeks. 　 Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. They include the replacement of damaged blood vessels with simulated ones made of plastics; the replacement of heart valves with plastic substitutes; the transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye; the invention of artificial kidney to clean the blood of poisons at regular intervals and the development of heart and lung machined to keep patients alive during very long operations. All these things open a hopeful vista for the future of surgery. 　 One of the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ transplants. Until a few years ago, no person, except an identical twin, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reaction against them and eventually killing them. Recently, however, it has been discovered that with the use of x-rays and special drugs, it is possible to graft tissues from one person to another which will survive for periods of a year or more. Kidneys have been successfully transplanted between non-identical twins. Heart and lung transplants have been reasonably successful in animals, though rejection problems in humans have not yet to be solved. 　 Spare parts surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new ones, is still a dream of the distant future. As yet, surgery is not ready for such miracles. In the meantime, you can be happy if your doctor says to you, "Yes, I think it is possible to operate on you for this condition."

　　57. Surgeons in the early years of this century, compared with modern ones, ____

　　A) had less to learn about surgery.

　　B) needed more knowledge.

　　C) could perform every operation known today.

　　D) were more trusted by their patients.

　　58. Today, compared with 1910 ____

　　A) five times fewer patients die after being operated on.

　　B) 20% fewer of all operation patients die.

　　C) 20% of all operation patients recover.

　　D) operation death have increased by 20%.