PART III READING COMPREHENSIONS

　　In this section there are four reading passages followed by fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your Answer Sheet.

　　TEXT A

　　Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlbys work that children should be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion. It has been argued that an infant under three who is care for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive "attachment" period from birth to three may scar a childs personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. But traditional societies are so different from modern societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly anthropologists point out that the secluded love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, we saw earlier that among the Ngoni the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —— far from it. But bowlbys analysis raises the possibility that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, caretakers or pediatricians found that children had problems with it. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effects on childrens development. But whether the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the translation to nursery age, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is responsible for infants.

　　36. John Bowlby believes that separation from parents from birth to three ____.

　　A) is wholesome for a child's development.

　　B) may cause a child to suffer for lack of parental attention.

　　C) may overshadow a child's personality and cause emotional problems.

　　D) can help a child to develop an independent character.

　　37. The consequence of parental separation can be explored by ____.

　　A) statistical studies

　　B) long-term studies

　　C) close observation

　　D) All of above

　　38. What's the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?

　　A) Day care had a neutral or more or less positive effect on children's development.

　　B) The effects of parental separation was hard to deal with.

　　C) The transition to nursery at three was easy due to day care the children received.

　　D) Early care was reasonable for babies.